Researchers often use a combination of probability and non-probability methods.
Simple random sampling is used in probability sampling. It is a scientific approach in research applied to sample size and selection.1
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Simple Random Sampling – In a Nutshell
Simple random sampling is widely used by researchers to generate samples from large populations.
There are several methods of simple random sampling which aim to produce the most accurate sample.
Simple random sampling has many benefits as it generally reduces bias and gives every member of the population an equal chance to participate in a study.
Definition: Simple random sampling
Simple random sampling refers to the process of randomly picking a sample from a population without any prior defined selection process.
Since the sample selection is entirely arbitrary, simple random selection is used in research as an unbiased method of studying subsets in a given population.2
When do you use simple random sampling?
Simple random sampling is utilized in the research methodology to infer confidence through internal validity and external validity. The study’s findings in simple random sampling should be trustworthy as determined by the factors under investigation and without interference from other variables, i.e., confounding variables. The results of the case study should be replicable across different studies and produce verifiable findings.3
Depending on several factors, such as population size, it may be challenging to undertake simple random sampling. Some of the conditions for simple random sampling include:
- A comprehensive list of all the members in the target population
- A reliable method of contacting the members who have been selected for the study
- Adequate time and resources such as manpower, collection materials, and budgetary allocations.4
Simple random sampling is used in research cases that involve a large population. It is the best approach in such instances since every sample is picked randomly. Thus, the resulting sample is assumed to be more inclusive of the main themes in the larger population. Additionally, simple random sampling can be used in cases where time and resources are readily available.5
Researchers may use a combination of two probability sampling techniques based on the objectives of a case study. For example, simple random sampling may be used to construct the initial sample then systematic sampling may be applied to further distill the sample. The main types of probability sampling used in research include:
| Cluster sampling | Stratified sampling | Systematic sampling – |
| This method divides a large population into smaller units called clusters. Samples are then picked from each cluster to be used for analysis.6 | This approach divides the population into strata or classes based on similar observable characteristics. A sample is then picked from each stratum for further scrutiny.7 | This method is based on an interval system of sample selection. Researchers determine the optimal sample size and then select the nth sample from a linear population for study.8 |
Simple random sampling: 4 Steps
The technique of simple random sampling can be broken down into 4 steps as follows:
Step 1 of simple random sampling: Define the population
Identify the population that best fits your research objectives. Outline the characteristics of the population and ensure you have access to the members throughout the course of the study as and when needed.
Example:
- In the study of Teaching Staff in the US, the population equals all the 3.2 million teachers in different capacities within the US.
Step 2 of simple random sampling: Decide on the sample size
After defining the population, you should choose the sample size. You may opt to select a large sample as it is more representative. However, this usually requires more resources.
You can use standard deviation, confidence interval, and confidence level metrics. The most preferred confidence interval is 0.05, while the confidence level usually is 0.95.
If you are unsure of the standard deviation, choose a number such as 0.5, which can accommodate a range of possibilities. A sample size calculator can then be used to estimate the sample size.
Example:
- The Harvard study on well-being and happiness has been studying the lives of 724 men over the last few decades.
- This group of men was identified at a young age from different socioeconomic backgrounds.
- While this sample is small, it accommodates a range of factors such as income, family size, and education.
- These variables are distributed among the study members, offering a detailed report.
Step 3 of simple random sampling: Randomly select your sample
There are two main methods:
-
Lottery method
- Each member is assigned a number; these numbers are drawn randomly from a pool.
- Computer software may be used to do the same task.
-
Random number method
- The members of the population are tagged with numbers.
- Rearchers then use different number generators to generate random numbers to be used in the sample.
- Other tools used in number generation include the RAND function in Microsoft Excel.
Example:
- The World Health Organization stipulates the random sampling of patients on new drug test runs.
Step 4 of simple random sampling: Collect data from your sample
This is the final step in the simple random sampling process.
Researchers need to ensure every member selected for sampling is available and willing to participate in the study. If any members fail to co-operate or withdraw from the study, it may interfere with the accuracy of the findings.
Example:
- The American Housing Survey invites participants through their website.
- If the recipients fail to respond, a follow-up email and a physical visit may be arranged.
- This ensures that most if not all of the respondents participate in the study to inform policy development.
FAQs
Simple random sampling reduces the chances of errors from pre-selected members of a sample. It is also easy to carry out as the methods are relatively straightforward.
Simple random sampling may not be applicable where the population is distributed across a large area.
Researchers may also face challenges accessing the sample group.
Additionally, simple random selection may be time-consuming and expensive over a period of time.
It is a probabilistic method of sample selection.
Members of a population are selected based on homogenous and heterogeneous characteristics.
Researchers use this type of sampling to study defined research goals in a large population.
The main methods used include;
- systematic sampling
- clustered sampling
- stratified sampling
They are used in their best-use scenarios from an evaluative approach based on the research issues at hand.
Sources
1 Frost, Jim. “Simple Random Sampling: Definition & Examples.” Accessed September 06, 2022. https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/simple-random-sampling/.
2 Hayes, Adam. “Simple Random Sample.” August 24, 2022. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/simple-random-sample.asp.
3 Laerd. “Simple random sampling.” Accessed September 06, 2022. https://dissertation.laerd.com/simple-random-sampling.php.
4 Blokhin, Andriy. “When Is It Better to Use SImple Random vs. Systematic Sampling?.” Investopedia. November 17, 2021. https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/071615/when-it-better-use-systematic-over-simple-random-sampling.asp.
5 Qualtrics. “Simple random sampling: Definition, examples, and how to do it.” Accessed September 06, 2022. https://www.simplypsychology.org/cluster-sampling.html.
6 Simkus, Julia. “Cluster Sampling: Definition, Method and Examples.” January 03, 2022. https://www.simplypsychology.org/cluster-sampling.html.
7 The Economic Times. “What is ‘Stratified Sampling’.” Accessed September 06, 2022. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/stratified-sampling.
8 Jackson, Cathryn. “Systematic Random Samples: Definition, Formula & Advantages.” Study.com. October 07, 2014. https://study.com/academy/lesson/systematic-random-samples-definition-formula-advantages.html.